4.1Atomic structure and the periodic table
4.1.1A simple model of the atom, symbols, relative atomic mass, electronic charge and isotopes
05.1 — Give one way to tell that a chemical reaction is taking place
03.3 — Suggest the identity of an element from its relative atomic mass
07.4 — Name a compound from its formula
02.1 — Identify the formula of a compound from a structure diagram
03.1 — Identify a substance that is a single compound, from particle diagrams
03.1 — Complete the word equation for hydrogen reacting with oxygen
05.3 — Explain how composition data show a substance is a mixture, not a compound
05.5 — Give the total number of atoms in a formula
07.3 — Name a salt from its formula
01.1 — Identify the type of substance from a description
01.2 — Identify the type of substance from a description
10.2 — Identify an element from its relative atomic mass
01.4 — Suggest the identity of an element from its relative atomic mass
02.1 — Identify the type of substance hydrogen is
02.2 — Identify a mixture of compounds from particle diagrams
02.3 — Identify a mixture of elements from particle diagrams
01.3 — Give the number of each type of atom in a molecule from its formula
01.4 — Identify an element from the numbers of subatomic particles
03.1 — Identify the type of substance carbon is
03.3 — Identify the expression for the mass of one atom
01.1 — Identify a pure compound from particle diagrams
01.2 — Identify a mixture of an element and a compound from particle diagrams
01.1 — Name a compound from its formula
01.2 — Complete a table of the elements and numbers of atoms in a molecule
01.3 — Write the word equation for a reaction
05.2 — Identify the formula of oxygen gas
07.1 — Match types of mixture to particle diagrams
10.1 — Suggest one improvement to a separation method to dissolve all the salt
10.2 — Suggest one improvement to a separation method to remove all the insoluble solid
10.3 — Suggest one safety precaution when heating a solution to form crystals
10.4 — Describe how distillation works, referring to the processes at two points
10.5 — Give the thermometer reading during distillation of salty water
01.1 — Match substances and mixtures to the best method of separation
01.2 — Suggest one improvement to filtration apparatus
01.3 — Complete sentences about simple distillation
03.2 — Identify a substance that is a mixture of elements, from particle diagrams
03.3 — Identify a mixture of an element and a compound, from particle diagrams
03.4 — Match separation methods to the mixtures they would separate
03.5 — Draw and label apparatus for filtration
03.6 — Identify the expected thermometer reading during distillation of salt solution
03.7 — Describe how distillation produces pure water from salt solution
10.2 — Suggest how to separate an insoluble solid from a mixture
10.3 — Suggest an impurity removed by rinsing with water
10.4 — Suggest why a solid was warmed
07.1 — Identify how to separate a solid metal from a solution
02.4 — Name the method to separate an insoluble solid from water
02.5 — Identify which liquid distils first from boiling point data
02.6 — Suggest the temperature change of the water flowing through a condenser
02.7 — Describe how to obtain crystals of a salt from its solution
01.6 — Identify the apparatus to collect water from a salt solution
01.7 — Identify the apparatus that shows filtration
07.2 — Plan a method to obtain pure dry samples of salt and sand from a mixture (6-mark)
03.1 — Complete sentences about the structure of the atom and its discovery
02.1 — Identify the particle whose discovery changed the earliest model of the atom
02.2 — Name a model of the atom from a diagram
02.3 — Identify the particles fired at gold atoms in the scattering experiment
02.4 — Identify the scientist who suggested electrons orbit at specific distances
09.1 — Describe the plum pudding model of the atom
09.2 — Put subatomic particles in order of their discovery
10.1 — Name two early models of the atom from diagrams
10.2 — Compare an early model of the atom with the model used today
01.1 — Name two labelled parts of an atom
01.1 — Match subatomic particle names to labels on an atom diagram
01.1 — Identify the subatomic particle with no electrical charge
01.5 — Complete a diagram to show the positions of the subatomic particles in an atom
08.1 — Give the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom from its symbol
03.4 — Calculate the radius of the centre of an atom, in standard form
09.2 — Give the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom
01.2 — Identify the subatomic particle with the lowest mass
01.4 — Give the atomic number and mass number of an element from a diagram
01.5 — Identify the name for atoms with different numbers of neutrons
02.5 — Complete sentences about protons, neutrons and electrons in atoms
02.6 — Identify a scale model for the size of an atom compared with its nucleus
09.1 — State the meaning of isotopes in terms of subatomic particles
09.3 — Give the numbers of electrons and neutrons in an atom
01.2 — Give the numbers of electrons and neutrons from atomic and mass numbers
01.5 — Complete a sentence explaining why isotopes have different mass numbers
01.2 — Identify the subatomic particles with the same relative mass
03.2 — Complete sentences about the particles in isotopes
05.1 — Give the number of protons in an atom from its symbol
05.2 — Give the number of neutrons in an atom from its symbol
05.3 — Give the number of electrons in an atom from its symbol
10.3 — Define the term isotopes, in terms of subatomic particles
08.6 — State what is meant by isotopes, in terms of subatomic particles
07.5 — Calculate a relative atomic mass from isotope data, to 2 decimal places
03.2 — Calculate a relative atomic mass from isotope data, to 1 decimal place
01.6 — Identify the true statement about isotope numbers from a relative atomic mass
09.4 — Calculate a relative atomic mass from isotope data, to 1 decimal place
09.2 — Calculate a relative atomic mass to 1 decimal place
01.3 — Calculate a relative atomic mass from isotope data, to 3 significant figures
09.5 — Calculate a relative atomic mass from isotope data, to 1 decimal place
08.7 — Estimate a relative atomic mass from isotope data
03.1 — Complete a table with the electronic structure of a Group 1 atom
09.4 — Complete a diagram to show the electronic structure of an atom
08.3 — Complete a diagram to show the electronic structure of an atom
4.1.2The periodic table
07.1 — Identify hydrogen from diagrams of electronic structures
07.3 — Identify a metal in the same group as another element from electronic structures
08.2 — Explain why an element is positioned in its group
01.3 — Give the group of an element from an atom diagram
08.4 — Complete a sentence about how the modern periodic table is ordered
09.3 — Predict the number of outer shell electrons in an atom of an element and give a reason
09.1 — Give one similarity and one difference between the electronic structures of two Group 1 atoms
08.1 — Explain why Mendeleev reversed the order of two elements
08.2 — Explain why Mendeleev's periodic table was more widely accepted
08.3 — Identify the modern name for atomic weight
09.5 — Give two reasons why a discovery helped Mendeleev's periodic table be accepted
04.1 — Give one reason why gaps were left in an early periodic table
04.2 — Identify the scientist who published an early periodic table
04.3 — Identify the group added to the modern periodic table
09.4 — Suggest why a new element was not accepted by other scientists straight away
08.4 — Explain why Mendeleev did not place two elements in order of atomic weight
09.1 — Identify where a non-metal is in the periodic table from its properties
01.3 — Identify where metals are found in the periodic table
01.4 — Identify two typical properties of a transition metal
08.1 — Describe where non-metals are found in the periodic table
08.2 — Identify the property of a metal that is not typical of most metals
07.4 — Identify the element that exists as single atoms from electronic structures
01.3 — Identify the name of the Group 0 elements
01.4 — Identify a correct statement about the Group 0 elements
01.5 — Identify the type of particles in a noble gas
09.4 — Plot the densities of Group 0 elements against atomic number
09.5 — Estimate a missing density from a graph
08.5 — Explain why a Group 0 element is unreactive
07.1 — Complete the word equation for a Group 1 metal burning in oxygen
07.7 — Plot melting points of Group 1 elements against atomic number
07.8 — Predict a melting point using a graph
08.6 — Describe what you would see when a Group 1 metal reacts with chlorine
03.2 — Identify why Group 1 elements have similar chemical properties
03.4 — Give two observations when a Group 1 metal reacts with water
03.5 — Describe how reactivity changes down Group 1
03.6 — Give two ways observations show the change in reactivity down Group 1
03.7 — Identify the gas produced when Group 1 metals react with water
04.4 — Identify why Group 1 elements have similar chemical properties
04.5 — Predict a melting point from a trend down Group 1
04.6 — Give one observation when a Group 1 metal is added to water
06.2 — Give two observations when a Group 1 metal is added to water
09.2 — Give two observations when a Group 1 metal reacts with water
07.2 — Identify a halogen from diagrams of electronic structures
02.1 — Give the number of outer-shell electrons in a Group 7 atom
02.3 — Identify the formula of fluorine gas
02.4 — Explain how reactivity changes down Group 7, using displacement results
08.5 — Predict the formula and state of a Group 7 element
01.3 — Complete sentences about the trend in melting points down Group 7
01.4 — Identify why a reaction with chlorine is done in a fume cupboard
01.6 — Predict the observation when a more reactive halogen reacts with iron
04.7 — Complete a table of Group 7 states and hydrogen compounds
04.8 — Identify the formula of a halogen molecule
09.6 — Identify the combination of solutions that gives a halogen displacement reaction
09.7 — Identify the trends going down Group 7
4.1.3Properties of transition metals (chemistry only)
08.3 — Compare the chemical and physical properties of transition elements and Group 1 elements (6-mark)
09.3 — Give two differences between the properties of a transition metal and a Group 1 metal
09.3 — Give two differences in physical properties between Group 1 and transition elements
06.3 — Identify two differences between a transition element and a Group 1 element
10.4 — Give two differences between the properties of a transition metal and a Group 1 metal
02.3 — Identify the elements often used as catalysts
09.1 — Identify two properties of most transition metals
09.2 — Identify where an element is in the periodic table from the ions it forms
04.2 — Identify the element most likely to be used as a catalyst
4.2Bonding, structure, and the properties of matter
4.2.1Chemical bonds, ionic, covalent and metallic
08.2 — Compare the structure and bonding of three compounds (6-mark)
09.6 — Name the type of bonding between metals and non-metals
09.1 — Describe the electron transfer when a metal reacts with a non-metal, giving the ions formed
03.8 — Complete dot and cross diagrams to show the ions formed in an ionic compound
09.4 — Identify the most likely formula of an ion of an element
09.7 — Describe what happens when a metal atom reacts with a non-metal atom, in terms of electrons
01.5 — Complete a dot and cross diagram for the ions in an ionic compound
09.2 — Describe what happens when a metal atom reacts with a non-metal atom, in terms of electrons and ions
09.2 — Give one reason why a ball and stick model is not a true representation of an ionic compound
09.1 — Determine the formula of an ionic compound from a structure diagram
01.6 — Determine the empirical formula of a metal oxide from a structure diagram
05.5 — Identify the formula of an ionic compound from the charges on its ions
07.1 — Complete a diagram of the structure of an ionic compound
02.7 — Identify the formula of an ionic compound from the charges on its ions
09.1 — Determine the empirical formula of an ionic compound from a diagram
09.3 — Complete a dot and cross diagram for a covalent molecule
02.2 — Identify the type of bonding shown in a diagram
02.7 — Complete a dot and cross diagram for a water molecule
06.1 — Complete the molecular formula of a compound from a structure diagram
06.2 — Identify the type of bonding shown in a structure diagram
06.3 — Give two advantages of one representation of a molecule over another
08.3 — Complete a displayed formula from a dot and cross diagram
08.4 — Determine a molecular formula from a dot and cross diagram
06.5 — Complete the molecular formula of a molecule from a model
05.4 — Complete the formula of a compound from its structure
03.3 — Identify the type of bonding in a Group 1 metal
4.2.2How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances
01.1 — Identify the state of a Group 7 element at a given temperature, using a table
01.2 — Give the temperature at which a gas condenses, using a table
04.5 — Identify what happens to the atoms of a metal as it melts
06.1 — Complete the state symbols in an equation
05.1 — Complete a sentence about what a state symbol shows
05.1 — Identify a state symbol in an equation
08.6 — Identify the state symbol for a molten compound
01.1 — Match statements about structure to diagrams of different structures
09.6 — Match properties of an ionic compound to their explanations
09.5 — Match properties of a covalent compound to their explanations
02.2 — Identify the structure of a hydrogen halide
08.1 — Identify two substances with intermolecular forces between particles
08.5 — Identify why a simple molecular liquid has a low boiling point
05.5 — Identify the reason for the low boiling point of a small molecule
09.4 — Give one reason why substances made of small molecules do not conduct electricity
06.2 — Identify the structure of a polymer from diagrams
09.5 — Identify why a polymer has a higher melting point than a small molecule
4.2.2.6 Giant covalent structures (not assessed in these 9 papers)
01.4 — Explain why an alloy is harder than the pure metal
01.5 — Calculate the percentage of one type of atom in an alloy, from a diagram
01.6 — Identify the type of substance an alloy is
01.4 — Calculate the percentage of one type of atom in an alloy, from a diagram
01.5 — Identify the name for a mixture of metals
01.6 — Identify why an alloy is harder than a pure metal
05.1 — Match properties of a metal to the reasons for them
05.2 — State what is meant by an alloy
04.1 — Determine the percentage of one type of atom in an alloy, from a diagram
04.2 — Complete sentences explaining why an alloy is harder than a pure metal
04.3 — Describe how the melting point of an alloy changes with composition, using a graph
04.4 — Read the melting point of a pure metal from a graph
09.5 — Describe how metals conduct electricity, in terms of electrons
06.4 — Evaluate the use of two metals for making cooking pans, using data
4.2.3Structure and bonding of carbon
06.3 — Give the number of covalent bonds each carbon atom forms in diamond
06.4 — Identify a property of diamond
05.8 — Describe the structure and bonding in diamond
01.2 — Identify an element from a diagram of its structure
01.3 — Identify why a form of carbon conducts electricity
04.4 — Identify why graphite conducts electricity
04.3 — Give two reasons why graphite is used for electrodes
08.6 — Explain the electrical conductivity and softness of graphite (6-mark)
06.1 — Identify the structure of graphite from diagrams
03.5 — Match properties of graphite to features of its structure
05.7 — Give the number of covalent bonds each carbon atom forms in graphite
09.3 — Describe the structure and bonding of graphite
10.1 — Explain why carbon nanotubes conduct electricity
10.2 — Evaluate materials for making a racket frame, using data
08.1 — State the shape of a Buckminsterfullerene molecule
08.2 — Give one use of a fullerene
03.4 — Identify the structure of Buckminsterfullerene from diagrams
05.6 — Identify the shape of a Buckminsterfullerene molecule
06.1 — Identify the type of carbon nanoparticle from a diagram
06.2 — Identify the structural feature that makes a carbon nanoparticle slippery
4.2.4Bulk and surface properties of matter including nanoparticles (chemistry only)
05.5 — Identify why nanoparticles are effective in very small quantities
05.8 — Calculate how many times bigger one particle diameter is than another, from standard form
01.7 — Identify the volume of a cube-shaped nanoparticle
10.3 — Calculate the surface area of a cube-shaped nanoparticle, in standard form
01.7 — Calculate the surface area of a cube-shaped nanoparticle to 2 significant figures
01.8 — Identify how surface area to volume ratio changes with particle size
07.1 — Identify the largest type of small particle
07.2 — Calculate the volume and surface area to volume ratio of a cubic nanoparticle
07.3 — Complete sentences about nanoparticle catalysts and surface area to volume ratio
07.5 — Compare the radius of a nanoparticle with the radius of an atom
05.1 — Identify the type of particle often referred to as dust
05.2 — Compare the diameters of a coarse particle and a fine particle
05.3 — Calculate the surface area and surface area to volume ratio of a cubic nanoparticle
04.1 — Identify the approximate number of atoms in a nanoparticle
04.4 — Calculate the surface area, volume and surface area to volume ratio of a cubic nanoparticle
06.3 — Calculate how many times larger one particle diameter is than another
06.4 — Calculate the volume and surface area to volume ratio of a cubic nanoparticle
05.6 — Give one advantage of using nanoparticles in sun creams
05.7 — Give one disadvantage of using nanoparticles in sun creams
10.4 — Suggest why nanoparticles cost less to use than fine particles
07.4 — Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of a use of nanoparticles
05.4 — Identify an advantage of using nanoparticles in sun creams
04.3 — Match uses of nanoparticles to the best substance
06.5 — Complete sentences about using nanoparticles in a coating
4.3Quantitative chemistry
4.3.1Chemical measurements, conservation of mass and the quantitative interpretation of chemical equations
02.7 — Balance an equation for the reduction of a metal oxide with carbon
01.7 — Balance an equation
10.1 — Explain how results show the law of conservation of mass, using data
05.3 — Balance an equation for a neutralisation
08.1 — Balance an equation for the extraction of a metal with carbon
06.3 — Balance an equation for the electrolysis of a metal oxide
01.4 — Balance an equation
10.5 — Show that an equation obeys the law of conservation of mass
09.4 — Calculate a relative formula mass
02.5 — Calculate a relative formula mass
06.3 — Calculate a relative formula mass
01.8 — Calculate a relative formula mass
10.1 — Calculate a relative atomic mass from relative formula masses in an equation
06.7 — Calculate a relative formula mass
08.3 — Calculate a relative formula mass
03.2 — Calculate the percentage by mass of an element in a compound, to 3 significant figures
06.4 — Calculate a relative formula mass
06.2 — Identify why the mass decreased during a reaction
05.2 — Explain why the contents of a test tube lose mass on heating
05.3 — Calculate a mean mass from a table
05.4 — Identify the anomalous result in a table
05.5 — Suggest how to make sure a thermal decomposition is complete
05.6 — Draw a line of best fit on a graph
05.7 — Read a mass of product from a graph
05.8 — Calculate a mass of product for a larger mass of reactant
05.2 — Identify why the mass of a flask decreases during a reaction
05.3 — Give the range of a set of results
05.4 — Calculate a mean, excluding the anomalous result
05.5 — Identify the type of variable
05.6 — Complete a sentence describing a trend from a graph
05.7 — Read a value from a graph
01.5 — State and explain the change in mass when a metal reacts with chlorine
04.3 — Complete a sentence giving the uncertainty in a mean
10.5 — Explain why an uncertainty is given after a mean
4.3.2Use of amount of substance in relation to masses of pure substances
07.6 — Calculate the mass of solute in a volume of solution
02.7 — Calculate the mass of solute in a volume of solution from its concentration
03.6 — Calculate the concentration of a solution in g/dm3
4.3.3Yield and atom economy of chemical reactions (chemistry only)
02.6 — Calculate a percentage yield
06.4 — Calculate a percentage yield to 3 significant figures
08.5 — Calculate the mass of product from a percentage yield
07.3 — Calculate a percentage yield
06.4 — Calculate a percentage atom economy
06.5 — Give one reason why a high percentage atom economy is important
09.5 — Calculate a percentage atom economy to 3 significant figures
06.1 — Calculate a percentage atom economy
10.5 — Calculate a percentage atom economy to 3 significant figures
10.6 — Give one reason why reactions with a high atom economy are used in industry
10.3 — Calculate a percentage atom economy
08.7 — Calculate a percentage atom economy
08.4 — Calculate a percentage atom economy
10.3 — Calculate a percentage atom economy
10.6 — Give one reason why reactions with a high atom economy are important in industry
4.4Chemical changes
4.4.1Reactivity of metals
05.2 — Name the product when a metal burns in air
07.2 — Identify the type of reaction when a metal burns in oxygen
08.2 — Explain how an equation shows a metal oxide is reduced
10.1 — Identify the substance reduced in a reaction and give a reason, in terms of oxygen
02.1 — Identify the dependent variable in a metal displacement investigation
02.2 — Give one observation that shows a displacement reaction has taken place
02.3 — Match variables to the measuring instruments used
02.4 — Order metals by reactivity from displacement results
02.5 — Suggest why a Group 1 metal should not be used in the investigation
04.1 — Give two variables to control in a temperature change investigation
04.2 — Identify the anomalous result and suggest a reason for it
04.3 — Calculate a mean temperature rise
04.4 — Give one other observation when metals react with acid and how it differs between metals
04.5 — Predict a temperature rise from the position of a metal in the reactivity series
06.5 — Put three metals in order of reactivity, using temperature data
06.6 — Describe a method to find where an unknown metal fits in the reactivity series
04.2 — Put three metals in order of reactivity, using cell voltages
09.2 — Explain how observations show one metal is less reactive than another
09.3 — Plan an investigation to identify three metals by their reactions with acid
04.2 — Determine the order of reactivity of three metals from temperature data
03.1 — Identify a metal from the rate of bubbling with acid
03.2 — Identify the most reactive metal from the rate of bubbling with acid
06.1 — Suggest one reason why a metal is used to make jewellery
08.5 — Give one observation that shows a displacement reaction took place
08.6 — Order metals by reactivity from displacement results and give a reason
03.1 — Identify the type of reaction between a metal and a metal salt solution
08.6 — Give one reason why each of two metals is not used to make a salt with an acid
03.3 — Order metals by reactivity from cell voltage results
02.6 — Identify the metal found in the Earth as the metal itself
02.8 — Name the element used to reduce a metal oxide
02.9 — Identify what is meant by reduction
09.4 — Explain why carbon can extract a metal from its oxide
06.2 — Calculate the mass of a compound in a rock from a percentage
06.5 — Explain why a metal is extracted by electrolysis rather than reduction with carbon
10.4 — Evaluate three methods for extracting a metal from its oxide
06.5 — Predict a metal extracted by electrolysis and a metal extracted by carbon reduction
10.2 — Explain why carbon can be used to extract a metal from its oxide
4.4.2Reactions of acids
05.1 — Identify the gas produced when a metal reacts with an acid
05.2 — Identify the independent variable in a metal and acid investigation
05.3 — Give one control variable in a metal and acid investigation
05.4 — Identify the anomalous result in a table
05.5 — Suggest one reason for an anomalous result
05.6 — Plot volume of gas against length of metal and draw a line of best fit
05.7 — Complete a sentence describing the trend in the results
02.1 — Identify the salt produced when a metal reacts with an acid
02.2 — Identify the gas produced when a metal reacts with an acid
03.1 — Read the volume of gas in a measuring cylinder
03.2 — Plot volume of gas against mass of reactant and draw two lines of best fit
03.3 — Identify two possible reasons for an anomalous result
03.4 — Describe the pattern shown by a graph
08.2 — Give the formula of an ionic compound from its ions
09.2 — Complete a word equation for a neutralisation
07.1 — Identify the acid needed to make a given salt
07.2 — Identify a base that could be used to make a given salt
05.2 — Identify the type of reaction between an acid and an alkali
06.1 — Read the volume on a gas syringe
06.2 — Determine the gradient of a line of best fit
06.3 — Identify the acid that reacts with a carbonate to give a given salt
06.4 — Identify the gas produced when a carbonate reacts with an acid
03.3 — Name the metal oxide and acid that react to make a given salt
03.5 — Identify the type of reaction between an acid and an alkali
11.2 — Name two other substances that react with an acid to make a given salt
08.1 — Complete the word equation for an acid reacting with a metal carbonate
06.3 — Describe a safe method to make pure crystals of a salt from a metal carbonate and an acid (6-mark)
08.1 — Give one other type of substance that reacts with acid to form a soluble salt
08.3 — Describe how to make pure, dry crystals of a salt from a metal oxide and an acid (6-mark)
06.5 — Identify why a salt solution was heated gently
06.6 — State how a salt solution should be heated gently
11.1 — Plan a method to make pure, dry crystals of a salt from a metal carbonate and an acid (6-mark)
08.2 — Give one observation that shows a reactant is in excess when making a salt
08.3 — Give one reason for filtering the mixture when making a salt
08.4 — Name the equipment to warm a solution gently
05.4 — Give the pH of a solution from the colour of universal indicator
07.3 — Give the pH of a solution that turns universal indicator purple
07.5 — Identify the ion that all alkalis contain
09.1 — Identify the ion all acids produce in solution
07.4 — Describe how pH changes as alkali is added to acid, using a graph
07.5 — Read the volume of alkali needed for neutralisation from a graph
07.6 — Determine the colour of universal indicator at a point in a titration
05.1 — Identify the ion acids produce in solution
05.4 — Give the pH of a solution that turns universal indicator purple
03.4 — Match pH values to universal indicator colours
06.6 — Identify the ion produced by an acid in aqueous solution
02.1 — Match acids and alkalis to the ions they produce in aqueous solution
02.2 — Identify the type of solution from its pH
09.3 — Give the colour of universal indicator in a solution and a reason
04.6 — Match acids and alkalis to the ions they always contain in aqueous solution
09.3 — Name a piece of titration apparatus
09.4 — Read the volume on a burette
09.5 — Describe how to use titrations to find which acid is more concentrated (6-mark)
07.7 — Calculate the percentage uncertainty of a pipette
07.8 — Give one advantage of a pipette over a measuring cylinder
05.5 — Identify equipment to measure a volume of solution more accurately
05.6 — Describe how to complete a titration using given equipment
03.6 — Identify a piece of titration equipment from a diagram
02.3 — Identify the equipment to measure a fixed volume of solution in a titration
02.4 — Identify the equipment to add acid drop by drop in a titration
02.5 — Identify the anomalous result in a table of titration results
02.6 — Suggest one reason for an anomalous titration result
02.1 — Name pieces of titration equipment from a diagram
02.2 — Name a suitable indicator for a titration
02.3 — Give one observation that shows an alkali is neutralised in a titration
02.4 — Give two ways to make sure the volume of acid added in a titration is accurate
02.5 — Read the volume on a burette
02.6 — Identify which titration results to use to calculate a mean
04.1 — Identify the name of an experiment from its method
04.2 — Identify the type of substance added to the alkali in a titration
04.3 — Identify the equipment used to add the acid in a titration
04.4 — Suggest one improvement to a step in a titration method
04.5 — Calculate a mean titre to 3 significant figures, excluding the anomalous result
4.4.3Electrolysis
04.4 — Identify the direction coloured ions move during electrolysis, with a reason
08.3 — Explain why ionic compounds cannot be electrolysed when solid
07.2 — Give one reason why a molten ionic compound conducts electricity
06.1 — Identify why some molten substances can be electrolysed
07.5 — Explain why electrolysis of a molten compound is done in a fume cupboard
07.6 — Complete a table of molten compounds and their electrolysis products
08.4 — Complete a table of products from the electrolysis of molten compounds
07.3 — Complete a table of products from the electrolysis of molten compounds
06.2 — Complete a table of products from the electrolysis of molten compounds
05.1 — Complete a table of products from the electrolysis of molten compounds
05.4 — Suggest two problems with storing mining waste in lakes of mud
05.6 — Identify the reason for adding cryolite in aluminium extraction
05.7 — Complete sentences about the positive electrode in aluminium extraction
05.8 — Calculate a maximum mass of metal extracted, in standard form
08.5 — Identify why a metal is extracted by electrolysis instead of reduction with carbon
07.4 — Identify why a mixture is used as the electrolyte to extract aluminium
05.3 — Explain why a metal is produced at the negative electrode
05.4 — Explain why a mixture is used as the electrolyte to extract aluminium
05.5 — Identify why the positive electrodes need to be replaced in aluminium extraction
04.1 — Read the volume of gas in a measuring cylinder
04.2 — Identify which line on a graph shows direct proportion
04.3 — Identify which line on a graph shows a positive correlation
04.5 — Predict the products of electrolysis of a molten compound and a solution
04.1 — Give the observations at each electrode if an electrolysis hypothesis is correct
04.2 — Identify the salt solution that does not match a hypothesis, with a reason
07.2 — Plot mass of metal against time and draw a line of best fit
07.3 — Read a mass from a graph
07.4 — Predict the observation at the negative electrode for two salt solutions
08.1 — Identify the ions discharged at the positive electrode in electrolysis of a solution
08.2 — Read the volume of gas in a measuring cylinder
07.5 — Identify the source of the gases in the electrolysis of a solution
07.6 — Identify why hydrogen is produced at the negative electrode instead of a metal
07.7 — Give a conclusion about the volumes of gases produced, using a graph
05.6 — Read the volume of gas in a measuring cylinder
05.7 — Identify why hydrogen is produced at the negative electrode instead of a metal
05.8 — Identify the hypothesis that explains results shown on a graph
05.9 — Determine the gradient of a graph
4.5Energy changes
4.5.1Exothermic and endothermic reactions
06.1 — Match types of variable to variables in a temperature change investigation
06.2 — Identify why a polystyrene cup makes the investigation more accurate
06.3 — Complete a bar chart of temperature increase for different metals
06.4 — Give a reason why a conclusion that the reactions are endothermic is wrong
02.6 — Identify the type of reaction that gives out energy
07.1 — Identify a piece of equipment that uses an endothermic change
07.2 — Identify the thermometer with a given resolution
07.3 — Identify the type of error caused by energy loss to the surroundings
07.4 — Name a container that would improve accuracy
07.5 — Plot temperature against volume of acid and extend the line to the y-axis
07.6 — Read a starting temperature from the y-intercept of a graph
07.7 — Identify two possible causes of an anomalous result
06.4 — Explain how results show a reaction is endothermic
06.5 — Plot temperature data, draw a line of best fit and extend it to meet another line
06.6 — Determine the overall temperature change from a graph
06.7 — Identify the dependent variable in a temperature change investigation
04.1 — Calculate a mean temperature increase, excluding the anomalous result
04.4 — Identify the type of variable
04.5 — Suggest how to improve a step in the method for more repeatable results
10.1 — Plan a method to investigate how mass of a reactant affects the highest temperature (6-mark)
10.2 — Determine the gradient of a line of best fit, with its unit
10.3 — Determine an initial temperature by extending a line of best fit
10.4 — Identify the sketch graph for the results when a reactant is added in excess
10.1 — Give the independent and dependent variables in a temperature change investigation
10.2 — Plot temperature against mass of solid and draw a line of best fit
10.3 — Determine an initial temperature by extending a line of best fit
10.4 — Explain how results show a process is endothermic
10.6 — Identify the type of error shown by repeat results
03.3 — Identify a control variable in a temperature change investigation
03.4 — Determine the minimum mass of a reactant needed, using a graph
03.5 — Determine the maximum temperature change, using a graph
03.7 — Draw two straight lines of best fit that cross
03.8 — Identify the statement that describes the energy change shown by a graph
02.3 — Match types of variable to variables in a temperature change investigation
02.4 — Identify the most suitable container to reduce energy transfer to the surroundings
02.5 — Identify the resolution of a thermometer from its scale
02.6 — Identify what happens to the temperature in an exothermic reaction
05.3 — Identify the conclusion from a reaction that needs heating to start
06.7 — Identify the products on a reaction profile
06.8 — Identify the activation energy on a reaction profile
02.4 — Identify the activation energy on a reaction profile
02.5 — Identify the energy of the reactant on a reaction profile
03.2 — Identify the labels on a reaction profile
04.6 — Identify the labels on a reaction profile
10.5 — Identify the labels on a reaction profile
10.6 — Explain how a reaction profile shows a reaction is exothermic
02.7 — Identify the reactants on a reaction profile
02.8 — Identify the activation energy on a reaction profile
02.9 — Identify the overall energy change on a reaction profile
4.5.2Chemical cells and fuel cells (chemistry only)
10.1 — Identify the electrode and electrolyte combination that gives a voltage
10.2 — Explain why non-rechargeable batteries eventually stop working
10.3 — Explain why some batteries cannot be recharged
04.1 — Suggest two variables to keep the same in a cell voltage investigation
04.3 — Predict the voltage of a cell with two identical electrodes, with a reason
04.4 — Describe how to make a battery of a given voltage from cells
04.5 — Identify a suitable use for a non-rechargeable cell
03.4 — Identify the two metal electrodes that give the greatest voltage, with a reason
02.1 — Give one advantage of each type of battery, using a table
02.2 — Suggest why batteries should not go in household waste
02.3 — Identify the pair of electrodes that gives the highest voltage
02.4 — Suggest one other factor that affects the voltage of a cell
07.1 — Calculate the total voltage of cells in series
07.2 — Identify a suitable electrolyte for a chemical cell
07.3 — Plan an investigation to test a hypothesis about cell voltage (6-mark)
03.1 — Identify a substance that could be the electrolyte in a cell
03.2 — Identify which metal electrode is copper from voltage results and give a reason
03.4 — Calculate the number of cells needed to make a battery of a given voltage
03.6 — Complete a sentence about what happens when a rechargeable cell is recharged
10.4 — Complete the balanced equation for the reaction in a hydrogen fuel cell
10.5 — Evaluate hydrogen fuel cells and rechargeable batteries for powering cars (6-mark)
04.6 — Suggest an advantage and a disadvantage of a hydrogen fuel cell
03.3 — Identify why the hydrogen–oxygen reaction is used in a fuel cell
02.5 — Complete the word equation for the reaction in a hydrogen fuel cell
03.5 — Complete a sentence about the product of a hydrogen fuel cell
4.8Chemical analysis (Paper 2 topic)
4.8.2Identification of common gases
03.5 — Explain why limewater bubbles when a carbonate is heated
03.6 — Suggest why no bubbles were seen when a different carbonate was heated
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